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rough/English/verb
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- 1: rough/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English adverbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English terms with homophones", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Irish translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Navajo translations", "Terms with Norman translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Quechua translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Scots translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Sundanese translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Walloon translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "en:Touch"], "derived": [{"word": "rough in"}, {"word": "rough it"}, {"word": "rough out"}, {"word": "rough up"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "rough"}, "expansion": "Middle English rough", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "rūg"}, "expansion": "Old English rūg", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*rūhaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "sco", "2": "ruch"}, "expansion": "Scots ruch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "stq", "2": "ruuch"}, "expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "fy", "2": "rûch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nds", "2": "ruuch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "ruig", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "rau", "3": "rau(h)", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "da", "2": "ru", "3": "ru", "t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""}, "expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.\nCognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).", "forms": [{"form": "roughs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "roughing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "ruff", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"ref": "1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90:", "text": "On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block.", "type": "quote"}, {"text": "Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To create in an approximate form."], "links": [["create", "create"]]}, {"categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "en:Boxing", "en:Wrestling"], "examples": [{"ref": "1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)", "text": "[…] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules."}], "glosses": ["To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "links": [["boxing", "boxing#Noun"], ["wrestling", "wrestling#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "tags": ["intransitive"], "topics": ["boxing", "government", "hobbies", "lifestyle", "martial-arts", "military", "politics", "sports", "war", "wrestling"]}, {"categories": ["en:Ice hockey"], "glosses": ["To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "links": [["ice hockey", "ice hockey"], ["roughing", "roughing"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "topics": ["hobbies", "ice-hockey", "lifestyle", "skating", "sports"]}, {"glosses": ["To render rough; to roughen."], "links": [["roughen", "roughen"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary:", "text": "To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes."], "links": [["break in", "break in"], ["military", "military"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with collocations", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"text": "to rough it", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1920, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “The Escape”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, page 280:", "text": "“[…]Oh, but my husband is never so happy as when he is travelling. He likes roughing it. . . . My husband. . . . My husband. . . .”", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013, Anne-Marie K. Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY, →ISBN:", "text": "I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To endure primitive conditions."], "links": [["primitive", "primitive"]]}, {"categories": ["English transitive verbs"], "glosses": ["To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "tags": ["transitive"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ɹʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruff.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.oga", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga"}, {"ipa": "/ɹɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/ɹʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}, {"homophone": "ruff"}], "translations": [{"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "skiciram", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "скицирам"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "luonnostella"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "hahmotella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "ébaucher"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "faire un brouillon"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "ice hockey: to perform roughing", "word": "olla väkivaltainen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to break in", "word": "kouluttaa"}], "wikipedia": ["rough"], "word": "rough"}
- 1: rough/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-Australian not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English adverbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English terms with homophones", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Irish translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Navajo translations", "Terms with Norman translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Quechua translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Scots translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Sundanese translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Walloon translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "en:Touch"], "derived": [{"word": "rough in"}, {"word": "rough it"}, {"word": "rough out"}, {"word": "rough up"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "rough"}, "expansion": "Middle English rough", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "rūg"}, "expansion": "Old English rūg", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*rūhaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "sco", "2": "ruch"}, "expansion": "Scots ruch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "stq", "2": "ruuch"}, "expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "fy", "2": "rûch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nds", "2": "ruuch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "ruig", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "rau", "3": "rau(h)", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "da", "2": "ru", "3": "ru", "t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""}, "expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.\nCognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).", "forms": [{"form": "roughs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "roughing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "ruff", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"ref": "1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90:", "text": "On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block.", "type": "quote"}, {"text": "Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To create in an approximate form."], "links": [["create", "create"]]}, {"categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "en:Boxing", "en:Wrestling"], "examples": [{"ref": "1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)", "text": "[…] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules."}], "glosses": ["To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "links": [["boxing", "boxing#Noun"], ["wrestling", "wrestling#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "tags": ["intransitive"], "topics": ["boxing", "government", "hobbies", "lifestyle", "martial-arts", "military", "politics", "sports", "war", "wrestling"]}, {"categories": ["en:Ice hockey"], "glosses": ["To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "links": [["ice hockey", "ice hockey"], ["roughing", "roughing"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "topics": ["hobbies", "ice-hockey", "lifestyle", "skating", "sports"]}, {"glosses": ["To render rough; to roughen."], "links": [["roughen", "roughen"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary:", "text": "To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes."], "links": [["break in", "break in"], ["military", "military"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with collocations", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"text": "to rough it", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1920, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “The Escape”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, page 280:", "text": "“[…]Oh, but my husband is never so happy as when he is travelling. He likes roughing it. . . . My husband. . . . My husband. . . .”", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013, Anne-Marie K. Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY, →ISBN:", "text": "I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To endure primitive conditions."], "links": [["primitive", "primitive"]]}, {"categories": ["English transitive verbs"], "glosses": ["To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "tags": ["transitive"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ɹʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruff.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.oga", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga"}, {"ipa": "/ɹɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/ɹʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}, {"homophone": "ruff"}], "translations": [{"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "skiciram", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "скицирам"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "luonnostella"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "hahmotella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "ébaucher"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "faire un brouillon"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "ice hockey: to perform roughing", "word": "olla väkivaltainen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to break in", "word": "kouluttaa"}], "wikipedia": ["rough"], "word": "rough"}
- 1: rough/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag New-Zealand not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English adverbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English terms with homophones", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Irish translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Navajo translations", "Terms with Norman translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Quechua translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Scots translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Sundanese translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Walloon translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "en:Touch"], "derived": [{"word": "rough in"}, {"word": "rough it"}, {"word": "rough out"}, {"word": "rough up"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "rough"}, "expansion": "Middle English rough", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "rūg"}, "expansion": "Old English rūg", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*rūhaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "sco", "2": "ruch"}, "expansion": "Scots ruch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "stq", "2": "ruuch"}, "expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "fy", "2": "rûch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nds", "2": "ruuch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "ruig", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "rau", "3": "rau(h)", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "da", "2": "ru", "3": "ru", "t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""}, "expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.\nCognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).", "forms": [{"form": "roughs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "roughing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "ruff", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"ref": "1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90:", "text": "On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block.", "type": "quote"}, {"text": "Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To create in an approximate form."], "links": [["create", "create"]]}, {"categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "en:Boxing", "en:Wrestling"], "examples": [{"ref": "1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)", "text": "[…] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules."}], "glosses": ["To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "links": [["boxing", "boxing#Noun"], ["wrestling", "wrestling#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "tags": ["intransitive"], "topics": ["boxing", "government", "hobbies", "lifestyle", "martial-arts", "military", "politics", "sports", "war", "wrestling"]}, {"categories": ["en:Ice hockey"], "glosses": ["To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "links": [["ice hockey", "ice hockey"], ["roughing", "roughing"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "topics": ["hobbies", "ice-hockey", "lifestyle", "skating", "sports"]}, {"glosses": ["To render rough; to roughen."], "links": [["roughen", "roughen"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary:", "text": "To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes."], "links": [["break in", "break in"], ["military", "military"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with collocations", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"text": "to rough it", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1920, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “The Escape”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, page 280:", "text": "“[…]Oh, but my husband is never so happy as when he is travelling. He likes roughing it. . . . My husband. . . . My husband. . . .”", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013, Anne-Marie K. Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY, →ISBN:", "text": "I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To endure primitive conditions."], "links": [["primitive", "primitive"]]}, {"categories": ["English transitive verbs"], "glosses": ["To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "tags": ["transitive"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ɹʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruff.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.oga", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga"}, {"ipa": "/ɹɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/ɹʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}, {"homophone": "ruff"}], "translations": [{"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "skiciram", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "скицирам"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "luonnostella"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "hahmotella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "ébaucher"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "faire un brouillon"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "ice hockey: to perform roughing", "word": "olla väkivaltainen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to break in", "word": "kouluttaa"}], "wikipedia": ["rough"], "word": "rough"}
- 1: rough/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Northern-England not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English adverbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English terms with homophones", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Irish translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Navajo translations", "Terms with Norman translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Quechua translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Scots translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Sundanese translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Walloon translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "en:Touch"], "derived": [{"word": "rough in"}, {"word": "rough it"}, {"word": "rough out"}, {"word": "rough up"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "rough"}, "expansion": "Middle English rough", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "rūg"}, "expansion": "Old English rūg", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*rūhaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "sco", "2": "ruch"}, "expansion": "Scots ruch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "stq", "2": "ruuch"}, "expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "fy", "2": "rûch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nds", "2": "ruuch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "ruig", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "rau", "3": "rau(h)", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "da", "2": "ru", "3": "ru", "t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""}, "expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.\nCognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).", "forms": [{"form": "roughs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "roughing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "ruff", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"ref": "1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90:", "text": "On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block.", "type": "quote"}, {"text": "Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To create in an approximate form."], "links": [["create", "create"]]}, {"categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "en:Boxing", "en:Wrestling"], "examples": [{"ref": "1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)", "text": "[…] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules."}], "glosses": ["To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "links": [["boxing", "boxing#Noun"], ["wrestling", "wrestling#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "tags": ["intransitive"], "topics": ["boxing", "government", "hobbies", "lifestyle", "martial-arts", "military", "politics", "sports", "war", "wrestling"]}, {"categories": ["en:Ice hockey"], "glosses": ["To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "links": [["ice hockey", "ice hockey"], ["roughing", "roughing"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "topics": ["hobbies", "ice-hockey", "lifestyle", "skating", "sports"]}, {"glosses": ["To render rough; to roughen."], "links": [["roughen", "roughen"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary:", "text": "To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes."], "links": [["break in", "break in"], ["military", "military"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with collocations", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"text": "to rough it", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1920, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “The Escape”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, page 280:", "text": "“[…]Oh, but my husband is never so happy as when he is travelling. He likes roughing it. . . . My husband. . . . My husband. . . .”", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013, Anne-Marie K. Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY, →ISBN:", "text": "I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To endure primitive conditions."], "links": [["primitive", "primitive"]]}, {"categories": ["English transitive verbs"], "glosses": ["To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "tags": ["transitive"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ɹʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruff.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.oga", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga"}, {"ipa": "/ɹɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/ɹʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}, {"homophone": "ruff"}], "translations": [{"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "skiciram", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "скицирам"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "luonnostella"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "hahmotella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "ébaucher"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "faire un brouillon"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "ice hockey: to perform roughing", "word": "olla väkivaltainen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to break in", "word": "kouluttaa"}], "wikipedia": ["rough"], "word": "rough"}
- 1: rough/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English adverbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English terms with homophones", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Irish translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Navajo translations", "Terms with Norman translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Quechua translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Scots translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Sundanese translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Walloon translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "en:Touch"], "derived": [{"word": "rough in"}, {"word": "rough it"}, {"word": "rough out"}, {"word": "rough up"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "rough"}, "expansion": "Middle English rough", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "rūg"}, "expansion": "Old English rūg", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*rūhaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "sco", "2": "ruch"}, "expansion": "Scots ruch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "stq", "2": "ruuch"}, "expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "fy", "2": "rûch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nds", "2": "ruuch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "ruig", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "rau", "3": "rau(h)", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "da", "2": "ru", "3": "ru", "t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""}, "expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.\nCognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).", "forms": [{"form": "roughs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "roughing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "ruff", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"ref": "1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90:", "text": "On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block.", "type": "quote"}, {"text": "Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To create in an approximate form."], "links": [["create", "create"]]}, {"categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "en:Boxing", "en:Wrestling"], "examples": [{"ref": "1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)", "text": "[…] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules."}], "glosses": ["To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "links": [["boxing", "boxing#Noun"], ["wrestling", "wrestling#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "tags": ["intransitive"], "topics": ["boxing", "government", "hobbies", "lifestyle", "martial-arts", "military", "politics", "sports", "war", "wrestling"]}, {"categories": ["en:Ice hockey"], "glosses": ["To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "links": [["ice hockey", "ice hockey"], ["roughing", "roughing"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "topics": ["hobbies", "ice-hockey", "lifestyle", "skating", "sports"]}, {"glosses": ["To render rough; to roughen."], "links": [["roughen", "roughen"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary:", "text": "To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes."], "links": [["break in", "break in"], ["military", "military"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with collocations", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"text": "to rough it", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1920, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “The Escape”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, page 280:", "text": "“[…]Oh, but my husband is never so happy as when he is travelling. He likes roughing it. . . . My husband. . . . My husband. . . .”", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013, Anne-Marie K. Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY, →ISBN:", "text": "I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To endure primitive conditions."], "links": [["primitive", "primitive"]]}, {"categories": ["English transitive verbs"], "glosses": ["To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "tags": ["transitive"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ɹʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruff.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.oga", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga"}, {"ipa": "/ɹɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/ɹʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}, {"homophone": "ruff"}], "translations": [{"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "skiciram", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "скицирам"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "luonnostella"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "hahmotella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "ébaucher"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "faire un brouillon"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "ice hockey: to perform roughing", "word": "olla väkivaltainen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to break in", "word": "kouluttaa"}], "wikipedia": ["rough"], "word": "rough"}
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Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Navajo translations", "Terms with Norman translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Quechua translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Scots translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Sundanese translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Walloon translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "en:Touch"], "derived": [{"word": "rough in"}, {"word": "rough it"}, {"word": "rough out"}, {"word": "rough up"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "rough"}, "expansion": "Middle English rough", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "rūg"}, "expansion": "Old English rūg", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*rūhaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "sco", "2": "ruch"}, "expansion": "Scots ruch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "stq", "2": "ruuch"}, "expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "fy", "2": "rûch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nds", "2": "ruuch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "ruig", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "rau", "3": "rau(h)", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "da", "2": "ru", "3": "ru", "t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""}, "expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.\nCognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).", "forms": [{"form": "roughs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "roughing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "ruff", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"ref": "1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90:", "text": "On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block.", "type": "quote"}, {"text": "Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To create in an approximate form."], "links": [["create", "create"]]}, {"categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "en:Boxing", "en:Wrestling"], "examples": [{"ref": "1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)", "text": "[…] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules."}], "glosses": ["To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "links": [["boxing", "boxing#Noun"], ["wrestling", "wrestling#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "tags": ["intransitive"], "topics": ["boxing", "government", "hobbies", "lifestyle", "martial-arts", "military", "politics", "sports", "war", "wrestling"]}, {"categories": ["en:Ice hockey"], "glosses": ["To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "links": [["ice hockey", "ice hockey"], ["roughing", "roughing"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "topics": ["hobbies", "ice-hockey", "lifestyle", "skating", "sports"]}, {"glosses": ["To render rough; to roughen."], "links": [["roughen", "roughen"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary:", "text": "To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes."], "links": [["break in", "break in"], ["military", "military"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with collocations", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"text": "to rough it", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1920, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “The Escape”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, page 280:", "text": "“[…]Oh, but my husband is never so happy as when he is travelling. 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Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY, →ISBN:", "text": "I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To endure primitive conditions."], "links": [["primitive", "primitive"]]}, {"categories": ["English transitive verbs"], "glosses": ["To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "tags": ["transitive"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ɹʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruff.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.oga", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga"}, {"ipa": "/ɹɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/ɹʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}, {"homophone": "ruff"}], "translations": [{"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "skiciram", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "скицирам"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "luonnostella"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "hahmotella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "ébaucher"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "faire un brouillon"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "ice hockey: to perform roughing", "word": "olla väkivaltainen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to break in", "word": "kouluttaa"}], "wikipedia": ["rough"], "word": "rough"}
rough (English verb)
rough/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-American not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English adverbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English terms with homophones", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Irish translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Navajo translations", "Terms with Norman translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Quechua translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Scots translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Sundanese translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Walloon translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "en:Touch"], "derived": [{"word": "rough in"}, {"word": "rough it"}, {"word": "rough out"}, {"word": "rough up"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "rough"}, "expansion": "Middle English rough", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "rūg"}, "expansion": "Old English rūg", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*rūhaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "sco", "2": "ruch"}, "expansion": "Scots ruch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "stq", "2": "ruuch"}, "expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "fy", "2": "rûch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nds", "2": "ruuch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "ruig", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "rau", "3": "rau(h)", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "da", "2": "ru", "3": "ru", "t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""}, "expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.\nCognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).", "forms": [{"form": "roughs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "roughing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "ruff", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"ref": "1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90:", "text": "On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block.", "type": "quote"}, {"text": "Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To create in an approximate form."], "links": [["create", "create"]]}, {"categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "en:Boxing", "en:Wrestling"], "examples": [{"ref": "1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)", "text": "[…] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules."}], "glosses": ["To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "links": [["boxing", "boxing#Noun"], ["wrestling", "wrestling#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "tags": ["intransitive"], "topics": ["boxing", "government", "hobbies", "lifestyle", "martial-arts", "military", "politics", "sports", "war", "wrestling"]}, {"categories": ["en:Ice hockey"], "glosses": ["To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "links": [["ice hockey", "ice hockey"], ["roughing", "roughing"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "topics": ["hobbies", "ice-hockey", "lifestyle", "skating", "sports"]}, {"glosses": ["To render rough; to roughen."], "links": [["roughen", "roughen"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary:", "text": "To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes."], "links": [["break in", "break in"], ["military", "military"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with collocations", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"text": "to rough it", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1920, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “The Escape”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, page 280:", "text": "“[…]Oh, but my husband is never so happy as when he is travelling. He likes roughing it. . . . My husband. . . . My husband. . . .”", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013, Anne-Marie K. Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY, →ISBN:", "text": "I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To endure primitive conditions."], "links": [["primitive", "primitive"]]}, {"categories": ["English transitive verbs"], "glosses": ["To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "tags": ["transitive"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ɹʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruff.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.oga", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga"}, {"ipa": "/ɹɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/ɹʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}, {"homophone": "ruff"}], "translations": [{"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "skiciram", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "скицирам"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "luonnostella"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "hahmotella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "ébaucher"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "faire un brouillon"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "ice hockey: to perform roughing", "word": "olla väkivaltainen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to break in", "word": "kouluttaa"}], "wikipedia": ["rough"], "word": "rough"}
rough/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-Australian not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English adverbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English terms with homophones", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Irish translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Navajo translations", "Terms with Norman translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Quechua translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Scots translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Sundanese translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Walloon translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "en:Touch"], "derived": [{"word": "rough in"}, {"word": "rough it"}, {"word": "rough out"}, {"word": "rough up"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "rough"}, "expansion": "Middle English rough", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "rūg"}, "expansion": "Old English rūg", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*rūhaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "sco", "2": "ruch"}, "expansion": "Scots ruch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "stq", "2": "ruuch"}, "expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "fy", "2": "rûch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nds", "2": "ruuch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "ruig", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "rau", "3": "rau(h)", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "da", "2": "ru", "3": "ru", "t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""}, "expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.\nCognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).", "forms": [{"form": "roughs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "roughing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "ruff", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"ref": "1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90:", "text": "On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block.", "type": "quote"}, {"text": "Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To create in an approximate form."], "links": [["create", "create"]]}, {"categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "en:Boxing", "en:Wrestling"], "examples": [{"ref": "1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)", "text": "[…] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules."}], "glosses": ["To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "links": [["boxing", "boxing#Noun"], ["wrestling", "wrestling#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "tags": ["intransitive"], "topics": ["boxing", "government", "hobbies", "lifestyle", "martial-arts", "military", "politics", "sports", "war", "wrestling"]}, {"categories": ["en:Ice hockey"], "glosses": ["To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "links": [["ice hockey", "ice hockey"], ["roughing", "roughing"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "topics": ["hobbies", "ice-hockey", "lifestyle", "skating", "sports"]}, {"glosses": ["To render rough; to roughen."], "links": [["roughen", "roughen"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary:", "text": "To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes."], "links": [["break in", "break in"], ["military", "military"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with collocations", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"text": "to rough it", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1920, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “The Escape”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, page 280:", "text": "“[…]Oh, but my husband is never so happy as when he is travelling. He likes roughing it. . . . My husband. . . . My husband. . . .”", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013, Anne-Marie K. Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY, →ISBN:", "text": "I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To endure primitive conditions."], "links": [["primitive", "primitive"]]}, {"categories": ["English transitive verbs"], "glosses": ["To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "tags": ["transitive"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ɹʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruff.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.oga", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga"}, {"ipa": "/ɹɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/ɹʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}, {"homophone": "ruff"}], "translations": [{"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "skiciram", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "скицирам"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "luonnostella"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "hahmotella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "ébaucher"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "faire un brouillon"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "ice hockey: to perform roughing", "word": "olla väkivaltainen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to break in", "word": "kouluttaa"}], "wikipedia": ["rough"], "word": "rough"}
rough (English verb)
rough/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag General-Australian not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English adverbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English terms with homophones", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Irish translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Navajo translations", "Terms with Norman translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Quechua translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Scots translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Sundanese translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Walloon translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "en:Touch"], "derived": [{"word": "rough in"}, {"word": "rough it"}, {"word": "rough out"}, {"word": "rough up"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "rough"}, "expansion": "Middle English rough", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "rūg"}, "expansion": "Old English rūg", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*rūhaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "sco", "2": "ruch"}, "expansion": "Scots ruch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "stq", "2": "ruuch"}, "expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "fy", "2": "rûch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nds", "2": "ruuch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "ruig", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "rau", "3": "rau(h)", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "da", "2": "ru", "3": "ru", "t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""}, "expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.\nCognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).", "forms": [{"form": "roughs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "roughing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "ruff", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"ref": "1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90:", "text": "On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block.", "type": "quote"}, {"text": "Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To create in an approximate form."], "links": [["create", "create"]]}, {"categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "en:Boxing", "en:Wrestling"], "examples": [{"ref": "1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)", "text": "[…] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules."}], "glosses": ["To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "links": [["boxing", "boxing#Noun"], ["wrestling", "wrestling#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "tags": ["intransitive"], "topics": ["boxing", "government", "hobbies", "lifestyle", "martial-arts", "military", "politics", "sports", "war", "wrestling"]}, {"categories": ["en:Ice hockey"], "glosses": ["To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "links": [["ice hockey", "ice hockey"], ["roughing", "roughing"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "topics": ["hobbies", "ice-hockey", "lifestyle", "skating", "sports"]}, {"glosses": ["To render rough; to roughen."], "links": [["roughen", "roughen"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary:", "text": "To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes."], "links": [["break in", "break in"], ["military", "military"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with collocations", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"text": "to rough it", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1920, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “The Escape”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, page 280:", "text": "“[…]Oh, but my husband is never so happy as when he is travelling. He likes roughing it. . . . My husband. . . . My husband. . . .”", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013, Anne-Marie K. Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY, →ISBN:", "text": "I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To endure primitive conditions."], "links": [["primitive", "primitive"]]}, {"categories": ["English transitive verbs"], "glosses": ["To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "tags": ["transitive"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ɹʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruff.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.oga", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga"}, {"ipa": "/ɹɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/ɹʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}, {"homophone": "ruff"}], "translations": [{"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "skiciram", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "скицирам"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "luonnostella"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "hahmotella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "ébaucher"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "faire un brouillon"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "ice hockey: to perform roughing", "word": "olla väkivaltainen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to break in", "word": "kouluttaa"}], "wikipedia": ["rough"], "word": "rough"}
rough/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag New-Zealand not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English adverbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English terms with homophones", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Irish translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Navajo translations", "Terms with Norman translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Quechua translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Scots translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Sundanese translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Walloon translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "en:Touch"], "derived": [{"word": "rough in"}, {"word": "rough it"}, {"word": "rough out"}, {"word": "rough up"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "rough"}, "expansion": "Middle English rough", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "rūg"}, "expansion": "Old English rūg", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*rūhaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "sco", "2": "ruch"}, "expansion": "Scots ruch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "stq", "2": "ruuch"}, "expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "fy", "2": "rûch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nds", "2": "ruuch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "ruig", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "rau", "3": "rau(h)", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "da", "2": "ru", "3": "ru", "t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""}, "expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.\nCognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).", "forms": [{"form": "roughs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "roughing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "ruff", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"ref": "1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90:", "text": "On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block.", "type": "quote"}, {"text": "Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To create in an approximate form."], "links": [["create", "create"]]}, {"categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "en:Boxing", "en:Wrestling"], "examples": [{"ref": "1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)", "text": "[…] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules."}], "glosses": ["To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "links": [["boxing", "boxing#Noun"], ["wrestling", "wrestling#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "tags": ["intransitive"], "topics": ["boxing", "government", "hobbies", "lifestyle", "martial-arts", "military", "politics", "sports", "war", "wrestling"]}, {"categories": ["en:Ice hockey"], "glosses": ["To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "links": [["ice hockey", "ice hockey"], ["roughing", "roughing"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "topics": ["hobbies", "ice-hockey", "lifestyle", "skating", "sports"]}, {"glosses": ["To render rough; to roughen."], "links": [["roughen", "roughen"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary:", "text": "To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes."], "links": [["break in", "break in"], ["military", "military"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with collocations", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"text": "to rough it", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1920, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “The Escape”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, page 280:", "text": "“[…]Oh, but my husband is never so happy as when he is travelling. He likes roughing it. . . . My husband. . . . My husband. . . .”", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013, Anne-Marie K. Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY, →ISBN:", "text": "I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To endure primitive conditions."], "links": [["primitive", "primitive"]]}, {"categories": ["English transitive verbs"], "glosses": ["To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "tags": ["transitive"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ɹʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruff.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.oga", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga"}, {"ipa": "/ɹɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/ɹʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}, {"homophone": "ruff"}], "translations": [{"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "skiciram", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "скицирам"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "luonnostella"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "hahmotella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "ébaucher"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "faire un brouillon"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "ice hockey: to perform roughing", "word": "olla väkivaltainen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to break in", "word": "kouluttaa"}], "wikipedia": ["rough"], "word": "rough"}
rough (English verb)
rough/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag New-Zealand not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English adverbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English terms with homophones", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Irish translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Navajo translations", "Terms with Norman translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Quechua translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Scots translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Sundanese translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Walloon translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "en:Touch"], "derived": [{"word": "rough in"}, {"word": "rough it"}, {"word": "rough out"}, {"word": "rough up"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "rough"}, "expansion": "Middle English rough", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "rūg"}, "expansion": "Old English rūg", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*rūhaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "sco", "2": "ruch"}, "expansion": "Scots ruch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "stq", "2": "ruuch"}, "expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "fy", "2": "rûch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nds", "2": "ruuch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "ruig", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "rau", "3": "rau(h)", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "da", "2": "ru", "3": "ru", "t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""}, "expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.\nCognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).", "forms": [{"form": "roughs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "roughing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "ruff", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"ref": "1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90:", "text": "On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block.", "type": "quote"}, {"text": "Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To create in an approximate form."], "links": [["create", "create"]]}, {"categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "en:Boxing", "en:Wrestling"], "examples": [{"ref": "1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)", "text": "[…] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules."}], "glosses": ["To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "links": [["boxing", "boxing#Noun"], ["wrestling", "wrestling#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "tags": ["intransitive"], "topics": ["boxing", "government", "hobbies", "lifestyle", "martial-arts", "military", "politics", "sports", "war", "wrestling"]}, {"categories": ["en:Ice hockey"], "glosses": ["To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "links": [["ice hockey", "ice hockey"], ["roughing", "roughing"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "topics": ["hobbies", "ice-hockey", "lifestyle", "skating", "sports"]}, {"glosses": ["To render rough; to roughen."], "links": [["roughen", "roughen"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary:", "text": "To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes."], "links": [["break in", "break in"], ["military", "military"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with collocations", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"text": "to rough it", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1920, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “The Escape”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, page 280:", "text": "“[…]Oh, but my husband is never so happy as when he is travelling. He likes roughing it. . . . My husband. . . . My husband. . . .”", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013, Anne-Marie K. Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY, →ISBN:", "text": "I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To endure primitive conditions."], "links": [["primitive", "primitive"]]}, {"categories": ["English transitive verbs"], "glosses": ["To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "tags": ["transitive"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ɹʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruff.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.oga", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga"}, {"ipa": "/ɹɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/ɹʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}, {"homophone": "ruff"}], "translations": [{"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "skiciram", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "скицирам"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "luonnostella"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "hahmotella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "ébaucher"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "faire un brouillon"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "ice hockey: to perform roughing", "word": "olla väkivaltainen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to break in", "word": "kouluttaa"}], "wikipedia": ["rough"], "word": "rough"}
rough/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Northern-England not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English adverbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English terms with homophones", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Irish translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Navajo translations", "Terms with Norman translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Quechua translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Scots translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Sundanese translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Walloon translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "en:Touch"], "derived": [{"word": "rough in"}, {"word": "rough it"}, {"word": "rough out"}, {"word": "rough up"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "rough"}, "expansion": "Middle English rough", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "rūg"}, "expansion": "Old English rūg", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*rūhaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "sco", "2": "ruch"}, "expansion": "Scots ruch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "stq", "2": "ruuch"}, "expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "fy", "2": "rûch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nds", "2": "ruuch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "ruig", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "rau", "3": "rau(h)", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "da", "2": "ru", "3": "ru", "t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""}, "expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.\nCognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).", "forms": [{"form": "roughs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "roughing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "ruff", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"ref": "1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90:", "text": "On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block.", "type": "quote"}, {"text": "Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To create in an approximate form."], "links": [["create", "create"]]}, {"categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "en:Boxing", "en:Wrestling"], "examples": [{"ref": "1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)", "text": "[…] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules."}], "glosses": ["To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "links": [["boxing", "boxing#Noun"], ["wrestling", "wrestling#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "tags": ["intransitive"], "topics": ["boxing", "government", "hobbies", "lifestyle", "martial-arts", "military", "politics", "sports", "war", "wrestling"]}, {"categories": ["en:Ice hockey"], "glosses": ["To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "links": [["ice hockey", "ice hockey"], ["roughing", "roughing"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "topics": ["hobbies", "ice-hockey", "lifestyle", "skating", "sports"]}, {"glosses": ["To render rough; to roughen."], "links": [["roughen", "roughen"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary:", "text": "To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes."], "links": [["break in", "break in"], ["military", "military"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with collocations", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"text": "to rough it", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1920, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “The Escape”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, page 280:", "text": "“[…]Oh, but my husband is never so happy as when he is travelling. He likes roughing it. . . . My husband. . . . My husband. . . .”", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013, Anne-Marie K. Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY, →ISBN:", "text": "I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To endure primitive conditions."], "links": [["primitive", "primitive"]]}, {"categories": ["English transitive verbs"], "glosses": ["To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "tags": ["transitive"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ɹʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruff.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.oga", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga"}, {"ipa": "/ɹɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/ɹʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}, {"homophone": "ruff"}], "translations": [{"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "skiciram", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "скицирам"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "luonnostella"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "hahmotella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "ébaucher"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "faire un brouillon"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "ice hockey: to perform roughing", "word": "olla väkivaltainen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to break in", "word": "kouluttaa"}], "wikipedia": ["rough"], "word": "rough"}
rough (English verb)
rough/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Northern-England not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English adverbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English terms with homophones", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Irish translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Navajo translations", "Terms with Norman translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Quechua translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Scots translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Sundanese translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Walloon translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "en:Touch"], "derived": [{"word": "rough in"}, {"word": "rough it"}, {"word": "rough out"}, {"word": "rough up"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "rough"}, "expansion": "Middle English rough", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "rūg"}, "expansion": "Old English rūg", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*rūhaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "sco", "2": "ruch"}, "expansion": "Scots ruch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "stq", "2": "ruuch"}, "expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "fy", "2": "rûch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nds", "2": "ruuch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "ruig", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "rau", "3": "rau(h)", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "da", "2": "ru", "3": "ru", "t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""}, "expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.\nCognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).", "forms": [{"form": "roughs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "roughing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "ruff", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"ref": "1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90:", "text": "On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block.", "type": "quote"}, {"text": "Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To create in an approximate form."], "links": [["create", "create"]]}, {"categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "en:Boxing", "en:Wrestling"], "examples": [{"ref": "1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)", "text": "[…] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules."}], "glosses": ["To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "links": [["boxing", "boxing#Noun"], ["wrestling", "wrestling#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "tags": ["intransitive"], "topics": ["boxing", "government", "hobbies", "lifestyle", "martial-arts", "military", "politics", "sports", "war", "wrestling"]}, {"categories": ["en:Ice hockey"], "glosses": ["To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "links": [["ice hockey", "ice hockey"], ["roughing", "roughing"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "topics": ["hobbies", "ice-hockey", "lifestyle", "skating", "sports"]}, {"glosses": ["To render rough; to roughen."], "links": [["roughen", "roughen"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary:", "text": "To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes."], "links": [["break in", "break in"], ["military", "military"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with collocations", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"text": "to rough it", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1920, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “The Escape”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, page 280:", "text": "“[…]Oh, but my husband is never so happy as when he is travelling. He likes roughing it. . . . My husband. . . . My husband. . . .”", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013, Anne-Marie K. Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY, →ISBN:", "text": "I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To endure primitive conditions."], "links": [["primitive", "primitive"]]}, {"categories": ["English transitive verbs"], "glosses": ["To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "tags": ["transitive"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ɹʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruff.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.oga", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga"}, {"ipa": "/ɹɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/ɹʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}, {"homophone": "ruff"}], "translations": [{"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "skiciram", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "скицирам"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "luonnostella"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "hahmotella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "ébaucher"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "faire un brouillon"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "ice hockey: to perform roughing", "word": "olla väkivaltainen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to break in", "word": "kouluttaa"}], "wikipedia": ["rough"], "word": "rough"}
rough/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English adverbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English terms with homophones", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Irish translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Navajo translations", "Terms with Norman translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Quechua translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Scots translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Sundanese translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Walloon translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "en:Touch"], "derived": [{"word": "rough in"}, {"word": "rough it"}, {"word": "rough out"}, {"word": "rough up"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "rough"}, "expansion": "Middle English rough", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "rūg"}, "expansion": "Old English rūg", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*rūhaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "sco", "2": "ruch"}, "expansion": "Scots ruch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "stq", "2": "ruuch"}, "expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "fy", "2": "rûch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nds", "2": "ruuch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "ruig", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "rau", "3": "rau(h)", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "da", "2": "ru", "3": "ru", "t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""}, "expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.\nCognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).", "forms": [{"form": "roughs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "roughing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "ruff", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"ref": "1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90:", "text": "On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block.", "type": "quote"}, {"text": "Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To create in an approximate form."], "links": [["create", "create"]]}, {"categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "en:Boxing", "en:Wrestling"], "examples": [{"ref": "1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)", "text": "[…] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules."}], "glosses": ["To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "links": [["boxing", "boxing#Noun"], ["wrestling", "wrestling#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "tags": ["intransitive"], "topics": ["boxing", "government", "hobbies", "lifestyle", "martial-arts", "military", "politics", "sports", "war", "wrestling"]}, {"categories": ["en:Ice hockey"], "glosses": ["To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "links": [["ice hockey", "ice hockey"], ["roughing", "roughing"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "topics": ["hobbies", "ice-hockey", "lifestyle", "skating", "sports"]}, {"glosses": ["To render rough; to roughen."], "links": [["roughen", "roughen"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary:", "text": "To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes."], "links": [["break in", "break in"], ["military", "military"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with collocations", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"text": "to rough it", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1920, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “The Escape”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, page 280:", "text": "“[…]Oh, but my husband is never so happy as when he is travelling. He likes roughing it. . . . My husband. . . . My husband. . . .”", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013, Anne-Marie K. Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY, →ISBN:", "text": "I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To endure primitive conditions."], "links": [["primitive", "primitive"]]}, {"categories": ["English transitive verbs"], "glosses": ["To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "tags": ["transitive"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ɹʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruff.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.oga", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga"}, {"ipa": "/ɹɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/ɹʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}, {"homophone": "ruff"}], "translations": [{"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "skiciram", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "скицирам"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "luonnostella"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "hahmotella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "ébaucher"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "faire un brouillon"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "ice hockey: to perform roughing", "word": "olla väkivaltainen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to break in", "word": "kouluttaa"}], "wikipedia": ["rough"], "word": "rough"}
rough (English verb)
rough/English/verb: invalid uppercase tag Received-Pronunciation not in or uppercase_tags: {"categories": ["English adjectives", "English adverbs", "English countable nouns", "English entries with incorrect language header", "English lemmas", "English nouns", "English terms derived from Middle English", "English terms derived from Old English", "English terms derived from Proto-Germanic", "English terms inherited from Middle English", "English terms inherited from Old English", "English terms inherited from Proto-Germanic", "English terms with homophones", "English verbs", "Entries with translation boxes", "Pages with 1 entry", "Pages with entries", "Requests for review of Ido translations", "Requests for review of Irish translations", "Requests for review of Telugu translations", "Rhymes:English/ʌf", "Rhymes:English/ʌf/1 syllable", "Terms with Ancient Greek translations", "Terms with Arabic translations", "Terms with Aromanian translations", "Terms with Assamese translations", "Terms with Asturian translations", "Terms with Belarusian translations", "Terms with Bikol Central translations", "Terms with Bulgarian translations", "Terms with Burmese translations", "Terms with Catalan translations", "Terms with Central Kurdish translations", "Terms with Cherokee translations", "Terms with Czech translations", "Terms with Dutch translations", "Terms with Estonian translations", "Terms with Finnish translations", "Terms with French translations", "Terms with Galician translations", "Terms with Georgian translations", "Terms with German translations", "Terms with Hungarian translations", "Terms with Ido translations", "Terms with Indonesian translations", "Terms with Ingrian translations", "Terms with Irish translations", "Terms with Italian translations", "Terms with Japanese translations", "Terms with Korean translations", "Terms with Latin translations", "Terms with Latvian translations", "Terms with Lithuanian translations", "Terms with Macedonian translations", "Terms with Mandarin translations", "Terms with Maori translations", "Terms with Marathi translations", "Terms with Navajo translations", "Terms with Norman translations", "Terms with Norwegian Bokmål translations", "Terms with Occitan translations", "Terms with Persian translations", "Terms with Plautdietsch translations", "Terms with Polish translations", "Terms with Portuguese translations", "Terms with Quechua translations", "Terms with Romanian translations", "Terms with Russian translations", "Terms with Scots translations", "Terms with Serbo-Croatian translations", "Terms with Slovak translations", "Terms with Slovene translations", "Terms with Spanish translations", "Terms with Sundanese translations", "Terms with Swedish translations", "Terms with Telugu translations", "Terms with Tocharian B translations", "Terms with Ukrainian translations", "Terms with Walloon translations", "Terms with West Frisian translations", "Terms with Zazaki translations", "en:Touch"], "derived": [{"word": "rough in"}, {"word": "rough it"}, {"word": "rough out"}, {"word": "rough up"}], "etymology_templates": [{"args": {"1": "en", "2": "enm", "3": "rough"}, "expansion": "Middle English rough", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "ang", "3": "rūg"}, "expansion": "Old English rūg", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "en", "2": "gem-pro", "3": "*rūhaz"}, "expansion": "Proto-Germanic *rūhaz", "name": "inh"}, {"args": {"1": "sco", "2": "ruch"}, "expansion": "Scots ruch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "stq", "2": "ruuch"}, "expansion": "Saterland Frisian ruuch", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "fy", "2": "rûch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "West Frisian rûch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nds", "2": "ruuch", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Low German ruuch (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "nl", "2": "ruig", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "Dutch ruig (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "de", "2": "rau", "3": "rau(h)", "t": "rough"}, "expansion": "German rau(h) (“rough”)", "name": "cog"}, {"args": {"1": "da", "2": "ru", "3": "ru", "t": "uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\""}, "expansion": "Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”)", "name": "cog"}], "etymology_text": "From Middle English rough, roughe, roȝe, row, rou, ru, ruȝ, ruh, from Old English rūg, rūh, from Proto-Germanic *rūhaz.\nCognate with Scots ruch, rouch (“rough”), Saterland Frisian ruuch, rouch (“rough”), West Frisian rûch (“rough”), Low German ruuch (“rough”), Dutch ruig (“rough”), German rau(h) (“rough”), Danish ru (“uneven on the surface, \"rough\", \"rugged\"”).", "forms": [{"form": "roughs", "tags": ["present", "singular", "third-person"]}, {"form": "roughing", "tags": ["participle", "present"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["participle", "past"]}, {"form": "roughed", "tags": ["past"]}, {"form": "ruff", "tags": ["alternative"]}], "head_templates": [{"args": {}, "expansion": "rough (third-person singular simple present roughs, present participle roughing, simple past and past participle roughed)", "name": "en-verb"}], "lang": "English", "lang_code": "en", "pos": "verb", "senses": [{"categories": ["English terms with quotations", "English terms with usage examples"], "examples": [{"ref": "1907, Ronald M. Burrows, The Discoveries In Crete, page 90:", "text": "On the floor, one beside the other, stood two amphoræ of veined marble-like limestone; one a huge vase 2 feet high and more than 6 feet round, finished and perfect, with two splendid spiral bands; and the other a smaller vase, of the same type, but only just roughed out of the block.", "type": "quote"}, {"text": "Rough in the shape first, then polish the details.", "type": "example"}], "glosses": ["To create in an approximate form."], "links": [["create", "create"]]}, {"categories": ["English intransitive verbs", "en:Boxing", "en:Wrestling"], "examples": [{"ref": "1938, California. State Athletic Commission, Rules, Regulations and Law Regulating Boxing and Wrestling (page 42)", "text": "[…] roughing is not a part of the sport, and will not be tolerated. Referees will not permit unfair practices that may cause injury to a contestant, and are held strictly responsible for enforcing these rules."}], "glosses": ["To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "links": [["boxing", "boxing#Noun"], ["wrestling", "wrestling#Noun"]], "raw_glosses": ["(boxing, wrestling, intransitive) To break the rules by being excessively violent."], "tags": ["intransitive"], "topics": ["boxing", "government", "hobbies", "lifestyle", "martial-arts", "military", "politics", "sports", "war", "wrestling"]}, {"categories": ["en:Ice hockey"], "glosses": ["To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "links": [["ice hockey", "ice hockey"], ["roughing", "roughing"]], "raw_glosses": ["(ice hockey) To commit the offense of roughing, i.e. to punch another player."], "topics": ["hobbies", "ice-hockey", "lifestyle", "skating", "sports"]}, {"glosses": ["To render rough; to roughen."], "links": [["roughen", "roughen"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"ref": "1802, Charles James, A New and Enlarged Military Dictionary:", "text": "To Rough Horses, a word in familiar use among the dragoons to signify the act of breaking in horses, so as to adapt them to military purposes.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To break in (a horse, etc.), especially for military purposes."], "links": [["break in", "break in"], ["military", "military"]]}, {"categories": ["English terms with collocations", "English terms with quotations"], "examples": [{"text": "to rough it", "type": "example"}, {"ref": "1920, Katherine Mansfield [pseudonym; Kathleen Mansfield Murry], “The Escape”, in Bliss and Other Stories, London: Constable & Company, published 1920, →OCLC, page 280:", "text": "“[…]Oh, but my husband is never so happy as when he is travelling. He likes roughing it. . . . My husband. . . . My husband. . . .”", "type": "quote"}, {"ref": "2013, Anne-Marie K. Kittiphanh, If Life Gave Me LEMONS, I Would Turn It into HONEY, →ISBN:", "text": "I was able to help Trudy set up camp and everything else, of course there are different ways to camp the usual comfortable way or roughed we of course roughed it and I did my best to keep warm.", "type": "quote"}], "glosses": ["To endure primitive conditions."], "links": [["primitive", "primitive"]]}, {"categories": ["English transitive verbs"], "glosses": ["To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "raw_glosses": ["(transitive) To roughen a horse's shoes to keep the animal from slipping."], "tags": ["transitive"]}], "sounds": [{"ipa": "/ɹʌf/", "tags": ["General-American", "Received-Pronunciation"]}, {"audio": "LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-ruff.wav", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/95/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-ruff.wav.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg/En-us-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/56/En-us-rough.ogg"}, {"audio": "En-us-rough.oga", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga/En-us-rough.oga.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a5/En-us-rough.oga"}, {"ipa": "/ɹɐf/", "tags": ["General-Australian", "New-Zealand"]}, {"audio": "En-au-rough.ogg", "mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg/En-au-rough.ogg.mp3", "ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bd/En-au-rough.ogg"}, {"ipa": "/ɹʊf/", "tags": ["Northern-England"]}, {"rhymes": "-ʌf"}, {"homophone": "ruff"}], "translations": [{"code": "bg", "lang": "Bulgarian", "roman": "skiciram", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "скицирам"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "luonnostella"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "hahmotella"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "ébaucher"}, {"code": "fr", "lang": "French", "sense": "to create in approximate form", "word": "faire un brouillon"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "ice hockey: to perform roughing", "word": "olla väkivaltainen"}, {"code": "fi", "lang": "Finnish", "sense": "to break in", "word": "kouluttaa"}], "wikipedia": ["rough"], "word": "rough"}
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2025-02-26 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2025-02-21 using wiktextract (ce0be54 and f2e72e5).
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